This can happen to genetic genealogists as well.  The connection between the results of a DNA test and the individuals in our tree can be easy to forget and difficult to visualize.  Take the results of an mtDNA test, for example.  The results are obtained from a tiny piece of DNA that has traveled thousands of years (and often thousands of miles) through hundreds of individuals to end up in your cheek cells and on the tip of a swab.  Everyone’s mtDNA is the product of an amazingly rich story that has largely been lost to history.

However, we as genealogists can do our part to connect the DNA to as much of the story as possible and prevent further loss.  In your own recent past, who were the people that contributed your mtDNA, your Y-DNA, or your autosomal DNA?

Visualizing My mtDNA Line

This is a compilation of the five most recent generations of my mtDNA line over the past 125 years, as shown in photographs:

From Cora to me, my mtDNA traveled 2100 miles and 93 years.

Visualizing my Y-DNA Line

Here is the seven most recent generations of my Y-DNA line over the past 200 years, as shown in photographs:

Did you notice that everyone except my son in this compilation is wearing a tie?  From George to me, my Y-DNA traveled 164 years but just 70 miles.

HT: These photographs are modeled after a similar construct that John Gabourel posted to a genealogy group I belong to.  I thank him heartily for the idea.

Technology Review, an MIT publication, has an article entitled “Genealogy Gets More Precise: Rapidly growing databases enable a more complete picture of one’s ancestry.“  The article, which is relatively balanced, discusses some of the benefits and challenges associated with genetic genealogy testing.

Also check out the article and video “Mapping Out a Nascent Market” at boston.com, which is directed towards personal genetic companies such as deCODEme, 23andMe, Navigenics, and Knome.

And lastly, scientists have sequenced and recreated the Neanderthal mtDNA genome.  For more information see john hawks weblog, Genetic Archaeology, Genea-Musings (with a humorous twist), Anthropology.net, and The Spittoon.  The original article is in Cell.  Turns out there are roughly 206 differences between the CRS (the Cambridge Reference Sequence, the mtDNA to which all human mtDNA is compared) and Neanderthal mtDNA; 195 transitions and 11 transversions.

A new study in the American Journal of Human Genetics (available here) examined the frequency of ten (potentially) pathogenic mitochondrial point mutations in 3168 neonatal cord blood samples.  Of these samples, a total of 15 (or 1 in 200) harbored one or more of the mutations.

Interestingly, the mtDNA of 12 of the 15 samples were heteroplasmic, meaning that their cells harbored both mutated and non-mutated mtDNA genomes.  Figure 1 from the paper, above, shows the percentage of mutated mtDNA in each of the 15 samples with mutations, from nearly 0% to the 100% in the three homoplasmic samples.

The abstract:

“Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are a major cause of genetic disease, but their prevalence in the general population is not known. We determined the frequency of ten mitochondrial point mutations in 3168 neonatal-cord-blood samples from sequential live births, analyzing matched maternal-blood samples to estimate the de novo mutation rate. mtDNA mutations were detected in 15 offspring (0.54%, 95% CI = 0.30-0.89%). Of these live births, 0.00107% (95% CI = 0.00087-0.0127) harbored a mutation not detected in the mother’s blood, providing an estimate of the de novo mutation rate. The most common mutation was m.3243A-G. m.14484T-C was only found on sub-branches of mtDNA haplogroup J. In conclusion, at least one in 200 healthy humans harbors a pathogenic mtDNA mutation that potentially causes disease in the offspring of female carriers. The exclusive detection of m.14484T-Con haplogroup J implicates the background mtDNA haplotype in mutagenesis. These findings emphasize the importance of developing new approaches to prevent transmission.”

HT: Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog

First, my Y-DNA. The blue dot on the following map of New York State is the location of my great-great-great-great-great-grandfather in 1808, and the yellow dot is me in 2008. The two dots are only 11 miles apart!! So, my Y-DNA has traveled at an average speed of just 0.05 miles per year! My Y-DNA appears to be a little lazy.

Next, my mtDNA. The blue dot on the Cayman Islands is the location of my great-great-great-great-great-great-grandmother in 1808, and the yellow dot is me in 2008. The distance between the two locations is 1664 miles, for a average traveling speed of 8.3 miles per year! Now that’s more like it!

Where was YOUR mtDNA and Y-DNA in 1808?

I wanted to start off with a post from the footnoteMaven entitled “Ask The Genetic Genealogist.” In the post, she refers to me as “Dr. DNA” – I could really get used to that! The footnoteMaven has a cousin on her father’s side who was recently diagnosed as having sickle cell trait. Sickle cell is caused by any one of a number of identified mutations of the hemoglobin gene on chromosome 11. Sickle cell trait means that the cousin has one good copy of the hemoglobin gene and one bad copy – one from each parent. Since this is autosomal DNA, the traditional tool of genetic genealogy, Y-DNA and mtDNA tests, won’t be of much help. There are a number of DNA testing companies that will sequence the hemoglobin gene to check for mutations, but testing your cousin’s siblings won’t reveal which parent had the mutated gene. It would be best to test the parents, but they have passed away. Unfortunately, answering your mystery would most likely be very expensive and time-consuming, at least at the current stage of technology. In 5 to 10 years, as whole genome sequencing becomes cheaper, it might be a much easier project. There are some autosomal genealogy tests which purport to reveal ancestral origins (such as Africa, Europe, Asia, etc..), but this would not reveal any information about the source of the mutated hemoglobin gene.

The next article is from Taneya’s Genealogy Blog, entitled “Can Kalonji get his Sons of Confederacy Membership? Maybe DNA can help!” This is her first carnival submission! Taneya’s husband, a McClellan descendant, wants his Sons of Confederacy membership by identifying his great-grandfather’s family. Taneya has a theory that her husband’s great-grandfather, Champ McClellan, is actually a son of a white McClellan and is thus a member of the family of the Confederate soldier General William Blount McClellan. Lucky for me, Taneya has done all her DNA homework. Since her husband is descended from one of Champ’s daughters, they have identified a male cousin who will undergo Y-DNA testing. Then, they hope to compare the results to a male descendant of General William B. McClellan (which they are looking to recruit). This type of project has been done successfully a number of times. Although the results are not definitive, they can be a great addition to the paper search. I would recommend that the McClellans who are tested join the McClellan DNA Project at Family Tree DNA, which has at least one McClellan participant from Tennessee.

Now on to “Ancestral clues from DNA studies” from Genea-Musings. I’ve enjoyed Randy Seaver’s previous discussions of DNA testing, some of which he links to in this post. Randy has identified possible DNA testing that he would be interested in doing. I really like his idea of listing the people in his tree with whom each test would match. This would be a great exercise for anyone who is new to genetic genealogy – if you were to test your mtDNA, who else in your family tree has or had that same mtDNA? My favorite quote is the following: “Once you start thinking about the possibilities, and actually identifying potential cousins that could be tested, there are many more than two lines [who can be tested].” This is a great point, and one that the media ALWAYS overlooks. Although a Y-DNA test only reveals a tiny portion of your ancestry, why stop with a single Y-DNA test? Why not test your other male lines? Randy points out that this has its own challenges (extensive paper trail research, finding people who will undergo testing, finding someone to pay for it!), but it can be well worth the effort.

In “Mary Todd Lincoln’s Bloody Cloak”, the footnoteMaven writes about sources of Abraham Lincoln’s DNA, including a lock of his hair, and blood on the cloak allegedly worn by his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, on the night of his assassination. The cloak is currently at the center of a controversy – it is owned by the Chicago Historical Society, but there are many questions surrounding it. footnoteMaven asks “while the cloak belongs to the Historical Society, does the DNA on the cloak? Do the results of DNA testing belong to the Society, the public, Lincoln ancestors, or to history?” She goes on to write about some of the other ethical issues associated with DNA testing of the dead and offers source material for further reading. This issues will only become more important as the technology grows, so I think it is very important that we all discuss them now, rather than later.

Lisa at A light that shines again writes “Mr. Tierney, I presume?” Lisa writes a nice little review of Y-DNA testing and offers a number of links for Irish DNA projects, both mtDNA and Y-DNA. My favorite part is the following quote: “No, DNA won’t give me the joy that I’ve received when I’ve found a photo of an ancestor, or discovered an ancestor’s previously unknown given name on a document, but it can provide information about deeper family heritage in ways that were not possible just short years ago.”

Janice at Cow Hampshire commiserates about the difficulty of some surname research in “Yanking the LONG New Hampshire DNA Chain.” Many surnames, such as Long, were so common in certain regions of the early country that genealogical research is incredibly challenging. As Janice writes, “the use of DNA studies as part of surname projects are quickly becoming the method of choice to resolve genealogical roadblocks,” There are many success stories as a result of DNA research, and undoubtedly many more to come as more people are tested, and especially as the technology develops. Janice also provides a number of links to other surname DNA projects.

The Smoky Mountain Family Historian writes about “DNA and Genealogy.” Lori writes about the inability of the results from her brother’s Y-DNA test to break through her Thornton brick wall. My suggestions would be to join the Thornton DNA Project, which has almost 50 participants, if you haven’t already. I see there are a number of participants in the Carolinas. Lori also writes about her interest in mtDNA testing. She asks whether she should ask her mother to be tested, or whether she can be tested. Since children inherit their mother’s mtDNA, you can submit DNA for this test – no need to ask your mother! Lori also wonders “how likely I would be to determine that there is or is not Native American heritage in the matrilineal line with the mtDNA tests.” The results of your mtDNA test will be very strong evidence for or against Native American heritage in your direct mtDNA line. My own test, for example, unexpectedly revealed that my mtDNA belongs to Haplogroup A2, a Native American haplogroup. Note, however, that if the mtDNA belongs to another haplogroup, that does NOT mean that the ancestor was not Native American – it simply means that their ancient maternal line was not Native American. And to answer the final question, almost any mtDNA test (including the least expensive ones!) will place the DNA into a particular haplogroup and thus reveal whether or not it is of Native American origin. Good luck!

Colleen at The Oracle of OMcHodoy writes about “Naming Patterns of a Different Kind” and the multiple appearances of certain surnames in her family tree. I think many genealogists have experienced this phenomenon – finding a surname repeated once, or twice, or more in completely separate branches of the tree. Sometimes this is due to location, but often it can occur with a distance of hundreds of years and thousands of miles. Colleen wonders “if DNA testing could determine if there are in fact any connections between these like-named families.” DNA testing, if you were able to identify descendants from each line who were willing to undergo testing, would surely present strong evidence either for or against a potential relationship. If they match, there is a likelihood they are related – the degree of the match will suggest how closely they are related (within the last 5 generations, or the last 20 generations, for example). If they don’t match, then that ends that particular inquiry. It is interesting to note that there are Tighe, Williams, and McHugh DNA Projects which might further add to your understanding. Actually, this brings up another important point – search Surname Projects, because your ancestor’s DNA might already be tested!!

Next is Apple at Apple’s Tree, who asks “Will DNA Solve My Mysteries?” Apple first looks to her mtDNA and is correct when she concludes that the results will not identify her great-grandmother’s mother. That will only happen in conjunction with traditional paper trail research. However, I would add that the information might still be valuable. My own mtDNA testing, for instance, did not reveal the mother of Sarah Bodden, the dead-end in my maternal line. The test did reveal that Sarah Bodden’s mother was of Native American descent (her mtDNA belonged to Haplogroup A), which was 100% more information than I had previously. Apple then turns to her father’s Y-DNA, which was of the surname Berry. I have good news for Apple – there already is a Berry Family DNA Project, with over 100 participants, which might help her break through her brick wall! Apple’s third family mystery is her gr-gr-gr-grandfather William Wisner, who might descend from Ananias Wisner. Apple is absolutely correct when she concludes that comparing William’s Y-DNA to Ananias’ Y-DNA might support her hypothesis, although it will not be 100% conclusive proof of ancestry – rather, it will be conclusive proof of some relationship between the two. DNA is always best when used in conjunction with traditional genealogical research. Apple’s fourth and final mystery is whether DNA testing can be used to identify the surname of her ADOPTED gr-gr-grandfather, Michael Camfield. Again, I have great news for Apple. There are a number of Y-DNA databases that contain DNA results in conjunction with surnames. By plugging in the results of Michael’s Y-DNA, you might find matches that will provide clues to his actual surname. This method has even been used to identify sperm donors! There is Ysearch, Ybase, and SMGF, just to name a few. Good luck!

Lee at The I Seek Dead People Blog asks, “Was Grandma stepping out, or what?” In the post, he writes about one of the most challenging branches in his tree, the TURNER branch. Lee recently asked his uncle, a Turner, to submit DNA for a Y-DNA test. Unfortunately, the results were a complete surprise, and the Y-DNA matched another surname entirely. Although this represents a set-back, it also presents the opportunity to re-examine a paper trail for further clues. Was there ever a MILLS who lived next door? A Mills relative who might have left behind a young child to be adopted? As Lee writes, “Now that I’ve recovered from the initial shock, my next step is to thoroughly examine the information our newly discovered cousins have been kind enough to share. Although at first glance, our two families appear to have nothing in common, not even a location, further study could find the answer lurking in there somewhere. And after that…well…I simply don’t know.” I wish you the best of luck in your hunt. And thank you for one of best blog post titles in today’s Carnival!

John at Transylvanian Dutch asks “Can DNA solve these mysteries?” John’s first family mystery is the family legend that his mother’s mother’s mother’s mother – Sarah Hartley – was Native American. As John points out, an mtDNA test might reveal Native American ancestry, IF Sarah’s mother’s mother’s, etc. was of Native American descent. Additionally, John is correct when he states that even if the test comes back negative for Native American mtDNA, that doesn’t mean that Sarah was Native American; that ancestry could have come from either her father or her mother, but not from Sarah’s ancient maternal line. If John had the time and inclination (and money!), he could attempt to trace DNA from some of Sarah’s other ancestry, such as Y-DNA from her father. John’s second family mystery involves identifying siblings of an immigrant ancestor. Unfortunately, neither the tentative brother nor the sister (of course) have any male descendants who could submit their Y-DNA for testing. Under the current facts, mtDNA won’t be of any assistance either. Proving the relationships can’t be done with DNA, but good luck with your research!

The next question comes from Jessica’s Genejournal, entitled “Not Sure if DNA testing would help me…” Jessica’s question is very broad, but I’ll attempt to answer it as clearly as possible. She asks if DNA testing could be used to determine the parents of an ancestor, assuming that there is a male or female line that is available for testing. Taken alone, the results of a DNA test will not identify anyone – the results are just a series of numbers and letters. However, DNA can work wonders when it is compared to other DNA. For example, if traditional genealogical research has identified an ancestor’s potential parents, find a descendant and have them tested to compare to your ancestor’s DNA. If it’s a match, then your hypothesis is supported. If not, then it’s time to do more testing and more research (always keeping in mind the possibility of non-paternal events in any DNA line). The great thing about this technique is that it can be used for many generations – I’ve seen connections made as far back as the 1500’s.

Jasia at Creative Gene asks “Can DNA Testing Solve This Mystery For Me?” Although Jasia’s ancestry is exclusively Polish, she’s always wondered about a distinctly non-Polish surname in her tree – Killian – which is traditionally an Irish or German surname. She asks whether or not she can “determine if this Killian surname in my family is Irish or German in origin?” It is important to note that testing the mtDNA of your Killian ancestor will trace the maternal line of the ancestor, and not the surname line. To trace the surname, you will want to find a male descendant of this Killian family. That being said, you never know what information will be revealed my mtDNA testing. The results might match another person who has done extensive research on the family but hasn’t posted it online. Or, five years from now, a distant Killian relative might post their mtDNA results and find you in the mtDNA databases. There is also a small Killian Surname Group, although it is for Y-DNA and they are looking for descendants of German Killians. Even so, matching or not matching this family might provide further information. Good luck!

Although there is not a traditional genetic genealogy component in “An Investment in Life and the Family Orchard” from Wisdom from Wenchypoo’s Mental Wastebasket, there are a number of interesting points. First, as science learns more and more about the connections between DNA and disease, it is a good idea for everyone to “Gather all the health information you can about your relatives at least three generations back. Find out who is allergic to what, who has what disease, who has what deformity, and find out where THEIR problems came from.” Also, Wenchypoo suggests that we “Assemble a health scrapbook or CD-ROM if you have to, so it can be handed down for future generations to add their own health information to it.” Good advice.

Thomas at Destination: Austin Family writes about all those familiar family quirks that cannot be or should not be explained in “What DNA Can’t Explain in My Family Tree.” As Thomas points out, future DNA research will undoubtedly provide answers to many of our family quirks. But do we really want to know? He says: “There are many mysteries in my family tree that may, some day, be solved by DNA testing, but I’m not sure I want that. Some mysteries should remain mysteries – those things that make us think about relatives we know or used to know, their quirks, their eccentricities. When you recognize these “traits,” if you can call them that, and how they seem to run in the family, they are what make my research engaging and the subjects seem so much more than a collection of birth dates, death dates and the like.” Although DNA might contain the answers to many of these eccentricities, hopefully we will all be able to decide whether or not we want to learn those answers.

Next, Lisa at 100 Years in America writes “100 Years in America: A rose by any other name…” She wonders if the ancestry of her Ujlaki ancestors, who lived in what is now northern Croatia on the border with Hungary, can be identified using DNA. “Were they true Croatian Slavs? Or did they hail from the Hungarian Magyar tribe?” “How specific can genetic tests get with regard to origins – Western European vs. Eastern European, Croatian vs. Hungarian vs. Austrian?” These are great questions, Lisa. Unless you have DNA samples from your ancestors, their autosomal DNA has been jumbled around considerably in the intervening generations, making autosomal testing almost impossible at the current stage of technology. Y-DNA and mtDNA tests, on the other hand, could be useful. Although these tests do not reveal the specific location of a surname on a map, the results can be compared to others who have paper trails that place them on the map. Often, very similar results will be found in close proximity geographically. The results can serve as an additional source of information to support the all-important paper trail research. Lisa also asks, “When a surname is so uncommon (like Ujlaki) what are the chances that I might find someone else interested in a project for that name? Is it worth the time and money for someone with a relatively rare surname to participate in a genetic surname project?” I suppose I’m biased – I have a rare last name, and I’ve started my own surname project. So far, there’s only one member (me). But I think it’s worthwhile – at some point, someone else with my name will be tested and will join the group.

Lisa at Small-leaved Shamrock writes “Bad genes – discovered!” Lisa recently uncovered some documents about her gr-gr-gr-uncle at the National Archives and learned that he suffered from troublesome varicose veins, which seems to be “nothing new to Cowhey descendants.” Her question for me is: “Knowing that you descend from a family with a certain type of ailment (whether it is varicose veins, more serious heart problems, a type of cancer, etc.), what are your options with regard to knowing what the chances are that you have inherited the wrong family gene?” Great question! Unfortunately, it appears that there is currently no DNA test for varicose veins, and even knowing the answer would likely not be beneficial if there is no preventative treatment. However, with the advent of inexpensive whole-genome sequencing, these types of questions will soon have much more definitive answers. Hold onto this question – in five to ten years this mystery will be much easier to explore.

Next is “Can DNA Analysis Confirm My Ancestry?” at Steve’s Genealogy Blog. Steve provides an excellent review of using Y-DNA to solve a mystery. He has done extensive paper trail research to identify his maternal grandfather’s ancestor, and now wants to use Y-DNA testing to support his hypothesis. He has identified a male relative in his family (two uncles and a cousin) who can provide the necessary Y-DNA (remember that it was his maternal grandfather), and now must identify and find a Y-DNA descendant of the hypothetical ancestor (who had one son and NINE grandsons – you hit the jackpot there!). Steve states: “If the DNA samples from the two lines match, I would have confirmation that the proposed lineage could be correct. If the DNA samples from the two lines don’t match, I would have confirmation that the proposed lineage is most likely incorrect.” Great job Steve, and good luck finding the Y-DNA!

At GeneaBlogie, Craig asks “Can DNA Solve ‘The Lumbee Problem?’” More specifically, he asks: “How does a group of people who have American Indian ancestry but no records of treaties, reservations, Native language, or peculiarly “Indian” customs come to be accepted–socially and legally–as Indians?” The Lumbee are a group of people in North Carolina are might be descendants of Native Americans and the survivors of the Lost Colony of North Carolina. The federal government has never recognized the Lumbee as Native Americans. Since Craig has ancestors who might be of Lumbee descent, he wonders if DNA can suggest a link to the Lumbee. The good news is that there is already a Lumbee Tribe DNA Project that is hoping to learn more about the group’s ancestry. There is also the Lost Colony DNA Project, which is a new effort to discover the fate of the Lost Colony residents. This project is looking for participants who are Lumbee descendants, or have specific surnames. Given this extensive DNA exploration into a such a small group of individuals, this is wonderful opportunity for anyone who might have genetic connections to the Lumbee or Lost Colony surnames.

Now, how about a little genetic genealogy ethics lesson?

The footnoteMaven starts us off with an ‘ethics fairytale” at “Little Red Genetic Hood.” Even if Little Red Genetic Hood has the ability to stop by her great-great-great-grandmother’s house and test her mtDNA, should she do so? The Big Bad Ethics Wolf isn’t so sure!

In another post with a great title, Terry at Hill Country of Monroe County, Mississippi asks “Are human males obsolete? Did g-g-g-grandmother have an “encounter” with the milkman?” He writes: “My question concerns not a specific genealogical case involving DNA studies, but rather concerns a larger issue of bio-ethics and related topics.” I think I could probably spend hours addressing Terry’s concerns. And I say ‘addressing’ because I’m not sure there are any definite answers to the issues he raises. So here are my thoughts on a few of the topics. First, “does greater emphasis on genetic testing erode the traditional nuclear family and, with that erosion, further reduce family values?” It’s true that our genomes hold secrets, both new and old, and revealing those secrets can sometimes have unintended consequences. However, I would argue that for most people, especially genealogists, finding unexpected DNA results are much like finding an unexpected paper trail result. It can be surprising, but my ancestry is my ancestry, regardless of what I expect it to be. Along the same line, my family is my family, regardless of what I thought it was. Of course, not everyone will feel this way. Second, “will romantic love be replaced with genetic breeding based upon the DNA code and Mendelian genetics?” I think it’s a possibility, either for right or for wrong. It will be a rough fight between individual rights and the ethics of society. If I can choose my child’s genetic attributes, should society be allowed to stop me? On the other hand, do we as a society want to allow this type of genetic picking and choosing? And Terry’s third question is “just because we can do something, should we? Is “knowing” so important that we need to turn to DNA testing to determine which of our great-great-great-grandmothers had a brief encounter with some stray DNA?” To this I would say that information isn’t dangerous – with any new technology comes new information. The real danger comes from what we do with that information.

So that’s it. I hope everyone enjoys the Carnival, and finds some useful information. I would caution that nothing herein is provided as medical or legal advice – it is merely a discussion of the possibilities and potential uses of genetic genealogy and personal genomics.

Call for Submissions. The next edition of the Carnival of Genealogy will be a “carousel” edition. Just like carousels have a variety of animal figures on the ride so too will the next edition of the COG have different topics. All topics (genealogy-related of course!) are welcome. Submit any article you’d like. This edition will be hosted by Jasia on the Creative Gene blog. The deadline for submissions is November 15.

Please submit your blog article to the next edition of the Carnival of Genealogy using our carnival submission form. Past posts and future hosts can be found on our blog carnival index page.

The bodies were found in two separate positions about 1 meter apart. In Grave I, there were five bodies:

1. I/1 = Male Infant #1 – about 6 months of age
2. I/2 = Male Infant #2 – about 4 to 4.5 years of age
3. I/3 = Female #1 – about 20-25 years of age
4. I/4 = Female #2 – about 25-30 years of age
5. I/5 = Female #3 – about 40-50 years of age

In Grave II, there were 3 bodies:

1. I/6 = Female #4 – about 50 years of age
2. I/7 = Female #5 – about 18-21 years of age
3. I/8 = Female #6 – about 50 years of age

The researcher’s primary goals were to sequence the HVR1 region of each individual’s mtDNA, and then to compare the results to determine possible relatedness of the remains. All 8 individuals fell into Haplogroup A2, but belonged to three different maternal lineages which were mixed between the two grave sites:

1. Male Infant #2, Female #1, Female #4, and Female #6
2. Male Infant #1, Female #2, and Female #5
3. Female #3

All of the remains had the following mutations – 16111, 16223, 16290, 16319, and 16362. Of course, this goes along VERY nicely with my hypothesis at my Haplogroup A website that, barring back-mutation, most A haplogroup HVR1’s should have exactly those mutations. That list was the haplotype of subgroup #1. Subgroup #2 had a mutation at 16311, and subgroup #3 had a mutation at 16265. For a description of the possible maternal familial relationships between the remains, click on the figure below.

A total of 172 mtDNA and 522 Y-chromosome previously published and new sequences from aboriginal Australians and New Guineans were analyzed for mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation and were compared to the current world haplogroup tree. All of the mtDNA sequences were members of the M and N founder branches, and all of the Y-chromosome sequences fell into the C and F founder branches.

The results suggest that the Australian aboriginals are descendants of the same emigrant group that left Africa 50,000 to 70,000 years ago and populated Europe and Asia. At least from the small number of samples analyzed for this study, there does not seem to be any DNA contribution from Homo erectus.

The uniformity of the sequences suggests that once humans migrated into the region there was little other gene flow. This might explain why the Australian and New Guinean populations share phenotypic features that are unique to the region.

You can read more about this new study at National Geographic or NewScientist, or read the article online for free at PNAS. Additionally, Ron Scott at Scott Genealogy has provided a transcript (pdf) of an interview with Toomas Kivisild (one of the authors of the study and a name that many genetic genealogists will recognize).

Doreen Isherwood and Anne Hall learned that their mtDNA belonged to Haplogroups A and C, traditional Native American Haplogroups. As the BBC story explains, Native Americans were brought back to England as early as the 1500s.

Said Ms. Hall: “I was thrilled to bits. It was a very pleasant surprise. To have Native American blood is very exotic.”

Thanks to The Genealogue.

1. DNA Structure I

2. DNA Structure II (a little more technical)

3. DNA Replication

4. PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction

5. DNA Mutation

6. Genetic Diversity

7. SNPs

8. Haplotypes

9. Mitochondrial DNA Inheritance

10. Mitochondrial Eve:
Click here to view.

And finally, because it’s just too cool not to include:
11. The Inner Workings of the Cell

The journalist quotes Chris Pomery, author of the up-coming book “Family History in the Genes: Trace Your DNA and Grow Your Family Tree.”

“In specific cases, genetics is a very useful tool, but it is not a panacea,” he says. “We’re not even close to the situation where, if you’re starting to research your family history, you should begin with a DNA test. At £100 or so a throw it’s a lot of money, and you can progress your research a long way first for free.”

I agree completely. Genetic genealogy is most useful for researchers that are attempting to verify a specific relationship, or who want to learn more about the ancient sources of their genetic information (for the Y-DNA and mtDNA tests).

However, as is often the case in these types of stories, there were a number of errors in the story.

“What does it mean, for example, for Oprah Winfrey to announce “I am a Zulu” after having a mitochondrial test?

“It’s nonsense,” says Mark Jobling, a geneticist at Leicester University. “Of course she isn’t a Zulu, she’s a modern African-American woman. It’s like people saying, ‘I’m a Viking’. Of course they’re not a Viking, it’s foolish.”

Oprah Winfrey thought she was Zulu BEFORE the mtDNA test. The test conclusively told her that her mtDNA was NOT related to the mtDNA found among the Zulu people! [Correction: See the comment section for an update regarding Oprah's first mtDNA test, which reportedly DID tell her that her mtDNA was related to the Zulu].

I agree with the author that the results of genetic testing should always be interpreted wisely, and I try to reinforce that point as often as I can. No current genetic test can tell you who you are! Genetic tests can only give you a description your DNA, and based on that you can estimate relationships with others (temporally and geographically).

One of the problems facing the field of genetic genealogy, however, is the number of inaccuracies perpetuated by the media. These articles are often written by non-scientists who don’t completely understand the topic and are making conclusions that aren’t backed up with science.

I recently blogged about some questions that a genetic genealogy newbie had asked about genetic testing. If you have any questions about genetic genealogy, please ask and I will do everything I can to help you discover an answer (that is supported by science)!