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New Issue of the Journal of Genetic Genealogy

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Whit Athey has announced publication of the Fall 2009 issue of the Journal of Genetic Genealogy.  This is Whit’s last issue as Editor, and I’d like to extend my sincere appreciation to him and all the work he has put into JoGG over the past 5 years.  Every issue requires hours of work to coordinate reviews and format articles, among the many other aspects of publishing.  Whit’s tireless work has helped add so much to the field.

I’d also like to announce that with Whit’s departure I will be assuming the position of Editor of JoGG.  I’m excited about this endeavor, and I look forward to working with the members of JoGG as well as the authors of the most recent research in the field.  So, if you have an article or even just an idea for an article you’d like to discuss, please fee free to contact me (blaine_5 at hotmail.com, or blainebettinger at gmail.com).

The Fall 2009 Issue

Included in the Fall 2009 issue are the following articles:

  • Editor’s Corner - “It’s Time to Retire” - Whit Athey
  • ‘Satiable Curiosity - “Mix and Match: DNA Stories from an Ancestor” - Ann Turner
  • Interview With Bennett Greenspan

Reports

  • Y-STR Haplotypes and Predicted Haplogroups in the Slovak Haban Population
  • HLA Polymorphisms in Forros and Angolares from Sao Tome Island (West Africa): Evidence for the Population Origin
  • The Advantages of a Dual DNA/Documentary Approach to Reconstruct the Family Trees of a Surname
  • Where Have All the Indians Gone? Native American Eastern Seaboard Dispersal, Genealogy and DNA in Relation

Special Section: Cluster Analysis and the TMRCA Problem

  • Introduction
  • Y-STR Mountains in Haplospace, Part I: Methods
  • Y-STR Mountains in Haplospace, Part II: Application to Common Polish Clades
  • DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidence Written in Y-Chromosome, Part I: Basic Principles and the Method
  • DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidence Written in Y-Chromosome, Part II: Walking the Map
  • The Use of Correlation Techniques for the Analysis of Pairs of Y-Chromosome DNA Haplotypes, Part I: Rationale, Methodology and Genealogy Time Scale
  • The Use of Correlation Techniques for the Analysis of Pairs of Y-Chromosome DNA Haplotypes, Part II: Application to Surname and Other Haplotype Clusters

A Review of Familybuilder DNA Testing

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Familybuilder, launched in 2007, is a genealogy company that ranks among the top 10 online genealogy services in the world with over 17 million users and over 120 million family tree profiles.  Late last year the company began offering a genetic genealogy product, as I wrote about here on the blog (see “Familybuilder Announces DNA Testing”).

Disclosure: This is a review of Familybuilder’s Y-DNA service using a kit I received free of charge for purposes of this review.  Please note that this is not meant to be an endorsement but merely a review of the Y-DNA service offered by Familybuilder.

The results of a Familybuilder Y-DNA test includes:

“The Migration Map for you and your ancestors, your 17 Markers, your Haplogroup and the History of your DNA.  In addition, the ability to share your results with family and friends on social networks such as Facebook and MySpace as well as a downloadable PDF (suitable for framing).”

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I received the following kit in the mail for the Y-DNA testing, which included a swab, detailed instructions, and a return envelope:

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Since I have already tested my Y-DNA, I asked a male relative to take this Y-DNA test.  This surname, Conger, is believed to have originated with a John Belconger who emigrated in 1665 from Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England to Newbury, Massachusetts and later Woodbridge, New Jersey.  Although there are likely many descendants of John Belconger in the United States, as far as I know there is only one other Conger who has undergone genetic genealogy testing, as discussed below.

After roughly four weeks, I received an email from Familybuilder that my DNA test results were ready (although my name is listed, these are a relative’s results, not mine).  Not surprisingly since the surname appears to have originated in Western Europe, the Y-DNA belongs to Haplogroup R:

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With the results, Familybuilder included information about the predicted haplogroup.  The description for Haplogroup R, for example, includes the following snippets:

“ORIGIN – Haplogroup R descended from Haplogroup P (M45) in Central Asia.  About 30,000 years ago, one of the tribes in Central Asia moved towards the European subcontinent.  It is in this group that the first M207 mutation (Haplogroup R) occurred.”

“MIGRATION AND SPREAD – The highest frequency of Haplogroup R is found in Western Europe, where populations carrying R1b typically reach 75% frequency.”

Familybuilder also compares an individual’s results to results in their database in order to discover potential matches.  Unfortunately, as shown below, there were no matches with the Conger Y-DNA profile from the Familybuilder database:

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Since there were no results in the database, I entered the results into Ysearch to potentially identify matches (see Ysearch User ID 4KTQB).  A search for matches with a genetic distance of 0 among people who tested at least 13 of the same markers turned up 19 matches, although none with the same “Conger” surname.  Outside of the United States, the most distant male ancestors for these matches are mostly from the U.K.

Interestingly, there is another Conger in the Ysearch database (User ID 4MSTZ), but his Y-DNA belongs to Haplogroup J2.  With these two tests, therefore, we have shown for the first time that not all Congers in the U.S. are descended from the same man.

Familybuilder also offers a “Print My DNA” and “Share My DNA” features, which allow users to share their results with friends and family.  The Share My DNA feature formats the results, for example, for easy posting to websites or social media such as Facebook.  See the following link for a nice display of the Conger results.

Lastly, Familybuilder also offers a new “Groups” feature as of October of 2009.  From the recent press release:

“Familybuilder DNA has added a new feature within their ancestral DNA Test Kits called DNA Groups. This feature allows consumers to create and manage their own groups based on commonalities such as a shared haplogroup, surname, national origin or current location. With DNA tests being a major tool for people searching for more information on their family histories, this feature takes the collaborative nature of genealogists to a digital forum. “By creating groups, users can collaborate with one another to piece together their family stories,” said Ilya Nikolayev, CEO of Familybuilder. Recently adding a DNA Matching Tool, this new feature allows consumers to engage with one another in new ways beyond traditional genealogical mechanisms.”

A Familybuilder Y-DNA test normally costs $59.95.  Familybuilder uses a state-of-the-art laboratory facility with ISO/IEC and ASCLD Lab Accreditation for testing.

You can follow Familybuilder on Twitter and Facebook.

Q&A: Everyone Has Two Family Trees – A Genealogical Tree and a Genetic Tree

I recently received an interesting question from a reader (see this comment) about 23andMe’s Relative Finder, and thought it would be worth sharing the question and my answer with all my readers.

The Question:

I’m a man who recently took a 23andMe test, and I have a question about Relative Finder.  Another man who I match on 36 of 37 Y-DNA markers via Family Tree DNA also took a 23andMe test.  We believe that we are third cousins, but this individual does not show up as related in Relative Finder, nor does he show any similarities in the Family Inheritance section.  Does this mean that we are not related at all?

The Answer

If two individuals do not share any DNA in the Family Inheritance section of 23andMe or do not appear as relatives in Relative Finder, this absolutely does not mean that they are not or cannot be relatives.  It does suggest, however, that the two individuals might not share any DNA.  Although your Y-DNA test suggests that you share a recent common male ancestor, it appears that apart from your Y chromosomes you do not share any other DNA.

DNA is randomly passed down from generation to generation.  A parent does not pass on their entire genetic makeup to a child; as a result, bits and pieces of DNA are lost in each generation.

Cousins will only share DNA if they happen to have randomly inherited that DNA from their shared ancestors.  With each generation that separates the cousins, the probability that they share DNA decreases, because with every generation it is more likely that they will not inherit DNA from their ever-more-remote shared ancestors.

Third cousins, for example, share only 2 of their 16 ancestors at 4 generations.  In this example, it appears that those two ancestors did not contribute an identical segment to both you and your third cousin.  Interestingly, it is possible that both you and your cousin have segments of DNA from these ancestors, but they wouldn’t show up as a match in Family Inheritance or Relative Finder unless they were the same segment of DNA.

Also keep in mind that a 23andMe test is only comparing those sections of the DNA that are examined by the test; a whole-genome test, currently not available to consumers (at least at an affordable price), is the only test that can compare an individual’s entire DNA makeup to another’s.

Two Family Trees

In reality, everyone has two family trees.  The first is a Genealogical Tree, which is every ancestor in history that had a child who had a child who had a child…that ultimately led to you.  Every decision made by every person in that tree contributed to who and what you are today.

However, not every person in that tree contributed a segment of your DNA sequence (because of random inheritance, as discussed above).  As a result, we have a second family tree – a Genetic Tree – which is a tree that contains only those ancestors who contributed to our DNA.  No one has yet been able to construct their Genetic Tree, but soon it will be a reality thanks to advances in genetic sequencing and comparison such Relative Finder.  These tools are using relatedness between people living today to deduce the inheritance of DNA from people who have been dead for centuries.

I have many questions about Genetic Trees that I’m looking forward to answering with new tools in the future, including the following:

  • At 10 generations, I have approximately 1024 ancestors (although I know there is some overlap).  How many of these ancestors are part of my Genetic Tree?  Is it a very small number?  A surprisingly large number?
  • What percentage, on average, of an individual’s genealogical tree at X generations is part of their genetic tree?

What questions about Genetic Trees can you come up with?

Genetic Genealogy Tidbits

  • Linda Avey, co-founder of 23andMe, has started a new blog entitled “The Life & Times of Lilly Mendel.”  I’m looking forward to some interesting reading as Linda establishes the Brainstorm Research Foundation dedicated to the study of Alzheimer’s disease.

Relative Finder Now in Open Beta

I’ve been playing with 23andMe’s Relative Finder this week, since it’s now in open beta.  It’s been interesting hearing from 6th to 10th cousins from around the world, and we’re working to find ancestors in common.  I’m looking forward to identifying - for the first time - a piece of autosomal DNA that came from a specific ancestor.

While in the beta period, the number of relatives is limited to 1000 (I currently have 173 with only 5 in the 3rd to 7th cousin range), and you can only contact other people who have opted in for the beta test. So if you have a 23andMe account, please opt in to the beta test via the following instructions (kind provided by Ann Turner):

1. Open the page https://www.23andme.com/user/profile/  and check the checkbox near “Name:” and click on the blue “Save Changes” button.

2. Open the page https://www.23andme.com/user/edit/privacy/  and UNcheck the checkbox near “I do not want to receive sharing invitations from anyone.”

3. Open the page https://www.23andme.com/you/relfinder/  and check the checkbox near “Highlight my profile in Relative Finder to show that I’m interested in making connections with potential relatives.”

Extended Profiles

Ann also wisely suggested expanding your profile to include information that will help other users find a genealogical connection.  Since the profiles are searchable by keyword, and she recommends including any special interests (regional/ethnic/etc) in the profile.  Like Ann, I included information about my genealogy back to 6 generations in my profile.  Hopefully it will help my genetic relatives find a match.

Success Stories

Lastly, if you have any success stories using Relative Finder, please leave a comment below or email me.  I’m always looking to highlight success stories or learn more about how an autosomal matching service can help people in their research.

Posted via web from Blaine Bettinger’s Lifestream

Michelle Obama’s Slave Ancestry Video Via Genealogy Insider

Megan Smolenyak has been very busy the past couple of weeks sharing her research of Michelle Obama’s genealogy. Genealogy Insider posted this video of Megan on the CBS Early Show on October 8th.  The YouTube video is described as: “The New York Times traced Michelle Obama’s five generation path from slavery to the White House. Harry Smith spoke to Megan Smoleyak the genealogist who uncovered the first lady’s family tree.”

A much more in-depth video is available from the always interesting RootsTelevision at “Michelle Obama’s Roots.”

Congratulations Megan, and great work!

Posted via web from Blaine Bettinger’s Lifestream

23andMe’s Relative Finder Success Stories at ISOGG

ISOGG, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy, has a “Success Stories” page where it posts short summaries of just a few the many successes that genetic genealogy has helped people achieve.  Today I noticed that there are several new summaries regarding “Autosomal DNA Successes,” both of which were the result of 23andMe’s new Relative Finder (currently still in beta testing).

Relative Finder

As I recently wrote, Relative Finder is a feature at 23andMe that allows users to compare their autosomal DNA to the autosomal DNA of others to potentially find cousins.  This has long been done with Y-DNA and mtDNA, but this is one of the first times this has been done with autosomal DNA.

Success Story #1

The first success story is from someone who used Relative Finder to identify a huge number of potential cousins.  After connecting one of his or her potential 4th cousins, the individuals discovered that they have similar surnames from a certain location in common (in addition to DNA on chromosomes 3 and 10).  This individual also wisely noted that s/he now has “a good idea of the path that two of my DNA segments took through my pedigree to get to me.”  This is something I wrote about recently in “The Future of Genetic Genealogy – Tracing DNA To Individual Ancestors.”

Success Story #2 – A First?

The second success story is about two Relative Finder users who worked together to identify a line that they had in common, potentially identifying segments of DNA passed to them from a couple who were born in the 1730’s.  This is a very interesting result, and I wonder if it is the first time that genealogists have identified a segment of DNA that they inherited from distant autosomal ancestors (i.e. not their Y-DNA or mtDNA lines) outside of the medical realm.

Conclusion

I know I’ve mentioned this a great deal lately, but I again emphasize that geneticists and genealogists will be seeing much more of this type of success story in the future.

The Genetic Genealogist Nominated for Best Genealogy Blog – Please Vote!

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In the May 2010 issue of Family Tree Magazine, the editors will name the 40 Best Genealogy Blogs.  Last month many of my readers nominated this blog for the list, which I appreciate greatly!

As of today you can vote to narrow down the top 130 nominated blogs to about 80 blogs, which the editors will then reduce to 40.  The blogs have been placed into 10 different categories.  There is more information about the categories and blogs here.

If you have a moment, please feel free to vote for The Genetic Genealogist in the genetic genealogy category!  Voting takes place from October 5th through November 5th, and you can vote as often as you like.  Thank you!

A New Tool For Genetic Genealogists: 23andMe’s Relative Finder

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23andMe has been beta testing a new tool for comparing autosomal DNA results called “Relative Finder.” Although I was not one of the beta testers, it seems that this new tool will be of great use to genealogists. Roberta Estes has posted a nice summary of the Relative Finder tool at the “Searching for the Lost Colony DNA Blog.”

90% of Customers Likely to Find a Match!

Relative Finder compares your autosomal SNP results to the results of others in the 23andMe database to determine matches. While developing the tool, 23andMe discovered that in their dataset of “more than 5000 individuals with European ancestry,” 90% of individuals had at least one distant relative between 2nd and 8th degree cousins!

Other Uses

Beyond identifying distant relatives, the tool will potentially have many other uses. For example, one individual has already used SNP testing and comparison of 6 cousins to determine the approximate chromosomal location of an autosomal dominant hereditary condition!

The ASHG Abstract

Below is 23andMe’s abstract for the upcoming 2009 ASHG (American Society of Human Genetics) meeting regarding the Relative Finder tool:

Discovering Distant Relatives within a Diverse Set of Populations Using DNA Segments Identical by Descent.

L. Hon, B.M. Henn, J.M. Macpherson, N. Eriksson, A. Wojcicki, L. Avey, S. Saxonov, J.L. Mountain. 23andMe, Inc, Mountain View, CA.

“Close familial relationships, such a parent-offspring relationships, are inferred readily from genotype and allele frequency data for a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms. However, researchers have not focused on accurately inferring the degree of relationship between individuals who share a common ancestor 3-10 generations ago; such inference requires high density genome-wide information not available until recently. In order to characterize relatively distant relationships for a sample, we analyzed the sharing of DNA identical by descent (IBD) in a large database of self-selected individuals of European ancestry, including a subset identified as Ashkenazim. Individuals from more endogamous ethnic populations, such as the Ashkenazim, share on average more DNA identically by descent than do individuals of Asian ancestry or of European ancestry broadly defined. Extensive population level sharing of identical genomic segments complicates the prediction of relationship level for a pair of individuals since identical segments may reflect common ancestry older than the most recent ancestor for a pair of individuals in a pedigree. In order to understand the pattern of the observed population-level sharing, we simulated extended pedigrees using different populations to calculate the expected amounts of sharing for 1st through 10th cousins. Specifically we assessed the relationship between the length of the longest segment and the most recent common ancestor. From the simulations, we also determined bounds for predicted cousinships given a specific amount of segmental sharing. Using these bounds as a guide, we detected at least one distant relative, between 2nd-8th degree cousin, for 90% of individuals in our dataset of more than 5000 individuals with European ancestry. An even higher fraction of our Ashkenazi sample, 99%, had at least one distant relative between 2nd-7th degree cousinship in our dataset.”

Archived DNA Articles at Ancestry Magazine

Last week my Google alert for “genetic genealogy” went crazy, and it took me a few days to realize that Ancestry Magazine recently made all their archives available for free online.  Although I’m not sure how far back their archives go, there appears to be hundreds of genealogy articles on the site.

A quick search of “DNA” at the site, for instance, reveals MANY articles relating to genetic ancestry testing. This is a great resource for anyone interested in genetic genealogy.

I see that Schelly at Tracing the Tribe had the same Google alerts frenzy last week. As she notes, some of the articles are rather old, so be sure to check the dates before you read them; the information might require some updating!